![]() Section 3 simply introduces the mechanism of piezoelectricity at high temperatures. Section 2 illustrates the basic knowledge on the piezotronic and piezophototronic effects. In this manuscript, we briefly offer elementary knowledge on the piezotronic and piezophototronic effects and introduce piezoelectrics for high-temperature applications ( Section 3, Section 4, Section 5, Section 6 and Section 7) in detail. The piezoelectric materials for elevated application involved: Aurivillius compounds with a layer structure (e.g., Bi 4Ti 3O 12 and related materials), the perovskite BiFeO 3, quartz and compounds related to the quartz structure, nonferroelectrics, rare-earth oxyborates and nanocomposites. However, there are yet only rare reports on high-temperature piezoelectric materials. Therefore, it is imperative to explore high-temperature piezoelectric materials to fulfill the aforementioned requirements for their application. Besides, some piezoelectric materials in sensors or actuators unavoidably work in elevated-temperature environments (e.g., energy harvestings, the aviation, aerospace and automobile industries and geological explorations). īoosting the output of piezoelectricity, improving the sensitivity of piezoelectric-based sensors and extending its utilization scope are the long-term goals worth pursuing for researchers studying piezoelectronics academically and practically. Piezoelectric materials can serve as crucial units for energy-harvesting equipment or as active parts of sensors, and so on. The piezoelectric effect is that, upon an external load being posed on an object, electrical potential generates on its surface. Ever since the discovery of the piezoelectric phenomenon in 1912, piezoelectronics have been generally established and attracted increasingly extensive attention.
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